Sweden’s carbon tax

'Polluter pays' principle
Pricing carbon emissions is a way of applying the 'polluter pays' principle, in which the costs of pollution are borne by those who cause it. This ensures that emissions are reduced in the most cost-effective way, while stimulating the development and deployment of new, clean technologies.

Energy sources were first taxed in Sweden in the 1920s. A carbon tax was instituted in 1991, alongside an already existing energy tax, and it remains a cornerstone of Swedish climate policy. Over time, the carbon tax has increased in importance, contributing to a broad range of environmental and climate objectives. For example, the carbon tax provides incentives to reduce energy consumption, improve energy efficiency and increase the use of renewable energy alternatives.

Carbon tax easy to implement
Swedish experience shows that a carbon tax can be easy to implement and administer, at low costs to authorities and operators. This is particularly true if existing revenue collecting systems, such as systems for levying other excise taxes on fuels, are already in place. Another feature of the carbon tax that reduces costs associated with its administration is that tax rates in Swedish tax law are expressed in common trade units (volume or weight).

The carbon tax is levied on all fossil fuels in proportion to their carbon content, as carbon dioxide emissions released in burning any fossil fuel are proportional to the carbon content of the fuel. It is therefore not necessary to measure actual emissions, which greatly simplifies the system. Combustion of sustainable biofuels doesn't result in a net increase of carbon in the atmosphere and hence are not subject to carbon taxation.

Swedish carbon tax rates
The carbon tax was introduced in 1991 at a rate corresponding to SEK 250 (EUR 26) per tonne fossil carbon dioxide emitted, and has gradually been increased to SEK 1 150 (EUR 120) in 2018 (currency conversion based on an exchange rate of SEK 9.61 per EUR). By increasing the tax level gradually and in a stepwise manner, households and businesses have been given time to adapt, which has improved the political feasibility of tax increases. A lower tax rate has historically been applied to industry outside the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), while industry covered by the system is entirely exempt from carbon tax. As of 2018, however, the industry rate outside the EU ETS is the same as the general rate.

Sweden's carbon tax generates considerable revenues for the general budget (there is no 'earmarking' of tax revenues in Sweden). General budget funds may, however, be used for specific purposes linked to the carbon tax, such as addressing undesirable distributional consequences of taxation or financing other climate-related measures.

Articles and reports

• Hammar and Åkerfeldt (2011) CO2 Taxation in Sweden. 20 Years of Experience and Looking Ahead
• Hammar and Åkerfeldt (2015) CO2 Taxation in Sweden. Experiences of the Past and Future Challenges
• Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Sweden's Second Biennial Report under the UNFCCC

Power Point Presentations by officials at the Swedish Ministry of Finance (selection)

• November 2017 Addis Ababa, UN Workshop on Practical Issues in Protecting the Tax Base of Developing Countries
  • Carbon Tax – a Good Idea for Developing Countries
• September 2017 Tucson, AZ, USA 18th Global Conference on Environmental Taxation
  • How to Design a Cost-Effective Carbon Tax on Motor Fuels
  • Why Carbon Taxation is a Good Idea
  • Is fuel taxation a source of long-term fiscal revenue?

Interviews

• May 2016 Swedish Minister for Finance, Magdalena Andersson
• December 2014 Senior Adviser Susanne Åkerfeldt

Statistics

• Current tax rates (Taxes in Europe Database)
• Historical tax rates (see subtitle 'Tidigare skattesatser') (Swedish Tax Agency) (in Swedish)
• Tax revenues (Swedish Tax Agency) (in Swedish)
• Energy use (Swedish Energy Agency)
• Emissions (Swedish Environmental Protection Agency) (in Swedish)

Contact persons

Susanne Åkerfeldt
Senior Adviser, Tax and Customs Department, Division for VAT and Excise Duties
Phone: +46 8 405 1382
Email to Susanne Åkerfeldt

Mats-Olof Hansson
Senior Adviser, Tax and Customs Department, Division for Tax Policy Analysis
Phone: +46 8 405 2977
Email to Mats-Olof Hansson

Stina Gustafsson
Desk Officer, Tax and Customs Department, Division for Tax Policy Analysis
Phone: +46 8 405 4254
Email to Stina Gustafsson